Plant secondary metabolites can also help the plant to cope with abiotic stresses (e.g., UV radiation) and to communicate with other organisms (e.g., herbivores, pathogens, neighboring plants, pollinators and fruit dispersers), so they are also important for growth and development ( Kessler and Kalske, 2018 Zaynab et al., 2018 Wink, 2020). They are byproducts of non-essential metabolic pathways and are responsible for the specific odors, tastes and colors of plant tissues. Plant secondary metabolites play a major role in how plants adapt to their environment they also act as their surveillance system. Plants and other organisms have co-evolved for more than 350 million years ( Magallón and Hilu, 2009 Clarke et al., 2011) and have developed strategies to overcome each other’s defense systems. Indeed, plants are equipped with an array of effective defense mechanisms, such as the production of secondary metabolites, to combat pests and pathogens before they are able to cause serious damage. To counteract the lack of new antibacterials and the rise of antibiotic resistance, plants could represent a potential solution. Whereas AMR refers to resistance in bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoans, antibiotic resistance refers to resistance specifically in bacteria, which is the focus of this review. Annual deaths worldwide due to AMR continue to climb to around 750,000 and are projected to reach as high as 10 million by the year 2050 ( O’Neill, 2016). While many factors such as the unnecessary prescription of antimicrobials and their use in agriculture contribute to the spread of AMR, a combination of scientific and economic challenges in antimicrobial development has caused the pipeline of new drugs to decline ( WHO, 2019a WHO, 2019b).
We closely examine 70 prominent medicinal plant species from the 15 families most studied in the literature.Ĭonclusion: This review depicts the current state of knowledge regarding antibacterials from plants and provides powerful recommendations for future research directions.Īntimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens the ability to successfully treat infectious diseases across the globe ( McEwen and Collignon, 2018). Finally, Staphylococcus aureus was the most targeted pathogenic bacteria in these studies. Crude extraction in methanol was the most represented type of extraction and leaves were the main plant tissue investigated. South Africa was the most represented site of plant collection. The Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Asteraceae were the most represented plant families, while Cinnamomum verum, Rosmarinus vulgaris and Thymus vulgaris were the most studied species. Phylogenetic distribution strongly supports the concept of chemical evolution across plant clades, especially in more derived eudicot families. Antibacterial activity is not prominent in monocotyledons. Most are reported within eudicots, with the bulk of species being asterids. Antibacterial activity is found in 51 of 79 vascular plant orders throughout the phylogenetic tree. A rigorous selection process was implemented using clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, yielding data on 958 plant species derived from 483 scientific articles.
Results: We identified a total of 6,083 articles published between 19 and then reviewed 66% of these (4,024) focusing on articles published between 20. Methods: Following the PRISMA model, we searched three electronic databases: Web of Science, PubMed and SciFinder by using specific keywords: “plant,” “antibacterial,” “inhibitory concentration.” Objectives: This systematic review aims to evaluate reports on plants with significant antibacterial activities.
While many studies have focused on specific aspects of plants and plant natural products with antibacterial properties, a comprehensive review of the antibacterial potential of plants has never before been attempted. Plants produce a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites that could be used to fuel the future discovery pipeline. Furthermore, the development of new antibiotics has slowed dramatically since the 1950s’ golden age of discovery. The cost of bringing a new antibiotic from discovery to market is high and return on investment is low. Background: Antimicrobial resistance represents a serious threat to human health across the globe.
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